Table 4 Numerical parameters for continuous AWJ impact simulation.

Fluid SPH particle parameters

  Initial spacing, d_ini (mm)

0.05

  Smoothing length, h (mm)

1.25d_ini

  Initial density, ρ₀ (kg/m³)

1.0 × 10³

  Dynamic viscosity, µ_f (Pa·s)

1.0 × 10⁻³

  Time step, Δt (s)

2.0 × 10⁻⁹

Rigid abrasive DEM particle parameters

  Density, ρ_dem (kg/m³)

4.12 × 10³

  Diameter, d_dem (mm)

0.20

  Young’s modulus, E (GPa)

248

  Poisson ratio, υ

0.3

  Friction coefficient, µ

0.3

  Restitution coefficient, e

0.6

AWJ incident parameters

  Distance between adjacent abrasives in Y direction, y_dis (mm)

1.0

  Jet diameter, d_jet (mm)

1.0

  Incident velocity, v_jet (m/s)

200

  Incident angle, α (°)

90

  Nozzle traverse speed, v_tran

0