Table 1 Parameter values of the algorithms.

IPOP-CMA-ES ²⁹

\(\:\varvec{\mu\:}\)³²

\(\:{2}^{8}\)

\(\:{\varvec{\sigma\:}}^{0}\)

2

\(\:\varvec{D}\)

5

LSHADE-SPACMA ³⁰

\(\:\varvec{P}\)

0.6

\(\:\varvec{C}\varvec{r}\)

0.8

\(\:{\varvec{N}}_{\varvec{m}\varvec{i}\varvec{n}}\)

6

\(\:{\varvec{N}}^{\varvec{i}\varvec{n}\varvec{i}\varvec{t}}\)

34

Locust Swarm (LS) optimization ²⁷

F

0.8

L

0.9

g

18

Lion Optimization Algorithm (LOA) ²⁸

Number of prides

4

Percent of nomad lions

0.4

Roaming percent

0.5

Mutate probability

0.6

Sex rate

0.75

Mating probability

0.5

Immigrate rate

0.6