Table 2 Fixed and random effects parameters of model explaining red fox snow tracks in field triangles (n = 3,512 surveys; 49.8% deviance explained).

From: Long-term snow-track indices of a Finnish native mesopredator declined while those of an invasive one increased

Parameter

SD

Estimate ± SE

z-value

P

Intercept (South boreal)

0.32

2.531 ± 0.136

18.57

< 0.001

Temperature

0.02

0.009 ± 0.022

0.41

0.68

Snow depth

0.09

–0.133 ± 0.037

–3.55

< 0.001

Year.c

0.10

–0.013 ± 0.008

–1.54

0.12

Zone (Hemiboreal)

 

0.164 ± 0.164

0.99

0.32

Zone (Middle boreal)

 

–0.819 ± 0.194

–4.21

< 0.001

Temperature * Zone (Hemiboreal)

 

–0.0281 ± 0.0434

–0.64

0.51

Temperature * Zone (Middle boreal)

 

0.031 ± 0.046

0.65

0.51

Year.c * Zone (Hemiboreal)

 

–0.014 ± 0.007

–2.05

0.04

Year.c * Zone (Middle boreal)

 

0.015 ± 0.007

2.20

0.03

Random effect: Triangle ID

0.59

   

Random effect: Association ID

0.22

   

Random effect: Region ID

0.20

   

Random effect: Year.f

0.26

   
  1. Significant values are in bold.
  2. The fixed effects included weather effects and temporal trends in three boreal vegetation zones, ranging from the hemiboreal zone in the south to the middle boreal zone in the north, as well as the interaction terms Year. c*Zone and Temperature*Zone. The variation explained by the fixed effects (including all interactions with Zone) and the estimated variation of random effects on the intercept are reported as standard deviations (SD).
  3. Year.c: year as continuous variable; Year.f: year as factor variable.
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