Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in the UK Biobank study.

From: Joint association of air pollutants on cardiometabolic multimorbidity

 

Without any cardiometabolic disease (N = 411063)

With type 2 diabetes alone (N = 17031)

With stroke alone (N = 5245)

With CHD alone

(N = 18974)

With cardiometabolic multimorbidity (N = 5805)

Age at baseline (years)

56.6 ± 8.1

60.0 ± 7.1

60.4 ± 7.2

62.4 ± 6.1

62.6 ± 5.8

Sex

     

Female

231,996(56.4)

6800(39.9)

2418(46.1)

6116(32.2)

1579(27.2)

Male

179,067(43.6)

10,231(60.1)

2827(53.9)

12,858(67.8)

4226(72.8)

Ethnicity

     

White

387,384(94.2)

14,574(85.6)

5006(95.4)

17,950(94.6)

5144(88.6)

Others

23,679(5.8)

2457(14.4)

239(4.6)

1024(5.4)

661(11.4)

Education, years

     

0–7

65,212(15.9)

4394(25.8)

1467(28.0)

6158(32.5)

2179(37.5)

8–10

72,073(17.5)

2754(16.2)

889(16.9)

2781(14.7)

850(14.6)

11–15

73,049(17.8)

2871(16.9)

881(16.8)

3037(16.0)

918(15.8)

16

200,729(48.8)

7012(41.2)

2008(38.3)

6998(36.9)

1858(32.0)

BMI (kg/m2)

27.1 ± 4.6

31.4 ± 5.9

28.2 ± 4.8

28.9 ± 4.8

31.3 ± 5.6

Income, (USD)

     

< 18,000

94,613(23.0)

6406(37.6)

2196(41.9)

7946(41.9)

3123(53.8)

18,000–52,000

211,505(51.5)

8146(47.8)

2349(44.8)

8687(45.8)

2226(38.3)

52,000–100,000

82,941(20.2)

2081(12.2)

560(10.7)

1898(10.0)

385(6.6)

> 100,000

22,004(5.4)

398(2.3)

140(2.7)

443(2.3)

71(1.2)

Townsend Deprivation Index

-1.4 ± 3.0

-0.6 ± 3.3

-0.8 ± 3.3

-0.9 ± 3.2

-0.1 ± 3.5

Drinking

     

Never

17,494(4.3)

1545(9.1)

289(5.5)

1055(5.6)

506(8.7)

Past

13,220(3.2)

1100(6.5)

374(7.1)

1003(5.3)

572(9.9)

Current

380,349(92.5)

14,386(84.5)

4582(87.4)

16,916(89.2)

4727(81.4)

Smoking

     

Never

230,505(56.1)

8112(47.6)

2318(44.2)

7521(39.6)

1958(33.7)

Past

137,732(33.5)

7084(41.6)

2131(40.6)

9184(48.4)

3035(52.3)

Current

42,826(10.4)

1835(10.8)

796(15.2)

2269(12.0)

812(14.0)

MET (min/week)

2506.5 ± 2748.3

2082.3 ± 2660.7

2315.6 ± 2697.6

2461.4 ± 2779.2

1950.6 ± 2576.7

Work

     

Employed

163,227(39.7)

9643(56.6)

3492(66.6)

12,774(67.3)

4446(76.6)

Unemployed

247,836(60.3)

7388(43.4)

1753(33.4)

6200(32.7)

1359(23.4)

Healthy lifestyle score

3.6 ± 1.4

2.9 ± 1.2

3.2 ± 1.4

3.1 ± 1.3

2.8 ± 1.2

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

139.1 ± 21.4

143.6 ± 20.7

142.2 ± 22.6

140.3 ± 22.0

141.3 ± 22.7

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

83.7 ± 13.4

83.9 ± 13.5

84.5 ± 14.5

81.2 ± 14.0

80.7 ± 14.8

HDL, mmol/L

1.5 ± 0.4

1.2 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

LDL, mmol/L

3.6 ± 0.8

2.8 ± 0.8

3.1 ± 0.9

2.9 ± 0.8

2.7 ± 0.8

TG, mmol/L

1.7 ± 1.0

2.1 ± 1.2

1.8 ± 1.0

1.9 ± 1.0

2.2 ± 1.3

TC, mmol/L

5.8 ± 1.1

4.6 ± 1.1

5.1 ± 1.2

4.8 ± 1.1

4.4 ± 1.1

Glucose

5.0 ± 0.8

7.4 ± 3.0

5.0 ± 0.8

5.1 ± 0.9

6.9 ± 2.8

NO2 (ug/m3)

26.6 ± 7.6

27.7 ± 7.7

27.1 ± 7.7

26.8 ± 7.4

28.1 ± 7.8

NO (ug/m3)

43.8 ± 15.6

46.1 ± 16.4

45.1 ± 16.2

44.5 ± 15.6

47.0 ± 17.1

PM10 (ug/m3)

16.2 ± 1.9

16.4 ± 1.9

16.3 ± 1.9

16.3 ± 1.9

16.4 ± 1.9

PM2.5 (ug/m3)

10.0 ± 1.1

10.1 ± 1.1

10.1 ± 1.1

10.0 ± 1.1

10.2 ± 1.1

PM2.5−10

(ug/m3)

6.4 ± 0.9

6.5 ± 0.9

6.4 ± 0.9

6.4 ± 0.9

6.5 ± 0.9

Air Pollution Score

60.7 ± 8.1

61.9 ± 8.2

61.3 ± 8.3

61.1 ± 8.0

62.3 ± 8.4

  1. Data for continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD. Data for categorical variables are presented as n (%). CHD, coronary heart disease; BMI, body mass index; MET, Metabolic Equivalent Task; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, Triglyceride; TC, Total Cholesterol; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; NO, nitrogen oxide; PM10, particular matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm; PM2.5, particular matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm; PM2.5−10, particular matter with an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 μm.