Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in the UK Biobank study.
From: Joint association of air pollutants on cardiometabolic multimorbidity
Without any cardiometabolic disease (N = 411063) | With type 2 diabetes alone (N = 17031) | With stroke alone (N = 5245) | With CHD alone (N = 18974) | With cardiometabolic multimorbidity (N = 5805) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at baseline (years) | 56.6 ± 8.1 | 60.0 ± 7.1 | 60.4 ± 7.2 | 62.4 ± 6.1 | 62.6 ± 5.8 |
Sex | |||||
Female | 231,996(56.4) | 6800(39.9) | 2418(46.1) | 6116(32.2) | 1579(27.2) |
Male | 179,067(43.6) | 10,231(60.1) | 2827(53.9) | 12,858(67.8) | 4226(72.8) |
Ethnicity | |||||
White | 387,384(94.2) | 14,574(85.6) | 5006(95.4) | 17,950(94.6) | 5144(88.6) |
Others | 23,679(5.8) | 2457(14.4) | 239(4.6) | 1024(5.4) | 661(11.4) |
Education, years | |||||
0–7 | 65,212(15.9) | 4394(25.8) | 1467(28.0) | 6158(32.5) | 2179(37.5) |
8–10 | 72,073(17.5) | 2754(16.2) | 889(16.9) | 2781(14.7) | 850(14.6) |
11–15 | 73,049(17.8) | 2871(16.9) | 881(16.8) | 3037(16.0) | 918(15.8) |
16 | 200,729(48.8) | 7012(41.2) | 2008(38.3) | 6998(36.9) | 1858(32.0) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.1 ± 4.6 | 31.4 ± 5.9 | 28.2 ± 4.8 | 28.9 ± 4.8 | 31.3 ± 5.6 |
Income, (USD) | |||||
< 18,000 | 94,613(23.0) | 6406(37.6) | 2196(41.9) | 7946(41.9) | 3123(53.8) |
18,000–52,000 | 211,505(51.5) | 8146(47.8) | 2349(44.8) | 8687(45.8) | 2226(38.3) |
52,000–100,000 | 82,941(20.2) | 2081(12.2) | 560(10.7) | 1898(10.0) | 385(6.6) |
> 100,000 | 22,004(5.4) | 398(2.3) | 140(2.7) | 443(2.3) | 71(1.2) |
Townsend Deprivation Index | -1.4 ± 3.0 | -0.6 ± 3.3 | -0.8 ± 3.3 | -0.9 ± 3.2 | -0.1 ± 3.5 |
Drinking | |||||
Never | 17,494(4.3) | 1545(9.1) | 289(5.5) | 1055(5.6) | 506(8.7) |
Past | 13,220(3.2) | 1100(6.5) | 374(7.1) | 1003(5.3) | 572(9.9) |
Current | 380,349(92.5) | 14,386(84.5) | 4582(87.4) | 16,916(89.2) | 4727(81.4) |
Smoking | |||||
Never | 230,505(56.1) | 8112(47.6) | 2318(44.2) | 7521(39.6) | 1958(33.7) |
Past | 137,732(33.5) | 7084(41.6) | 2131(40.6) | 9184(48.4) | 3035(52.3) |
Current | 42,826(10.4) | 1835(10.8) | 796(15.2) | 2269(12.0) | 812(14.0) |
MET (min/week) | 2506.5 ± 2748.3 | 2082.3 ± 2660.7 | 2315.6 ± 2697.6 | 2461.4 ± 2779.2 | 1950.6 ± 2576.7 |
Work | |||||
Employed | 163,227(39.7) | 9643(56.6) | 3492(66.6) | 12,774(67.3) | 4446(76.6) |
Unemployed | 247,836(60.3) | 7388(43.4) | 1753(33.4) | 6200(32.7) | 1359(23.4) |
Healthy lifestyle score | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 2.8 ± 1.2 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 139.1 ± 21.4 | 143.6 ± 20.7 | 142.2 ± 22.6 | 140.3 ± 22.0 | 141.3 ± 22.7 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83.7 ± 13.4 | 83.9 ± 13.5 | 84.5 ± 14.5 | 81.2 ± 14.0 | 80.7 ± 14.8 |
HDL, mmol/L | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 |
LDL, mmol/L | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.8 |
TG, mmol/L | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 1.3 |
TC, mmol/L | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.1 | 4.4 ± 1.1 |
Glucose | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 7.4 ± 3.0 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 2.8 |
NO2 (ug/m3) | 26.6 ± 7.6 | 27.7 ± 7.7 | 27.1 ± 7.7 | 26.8 ± 7.4 | 28.1 ± 7.8 |
NO (ug/m3) | 43.8 ± 15.6 | 46.1 ± 16.4 | 45.1 ± 16.2 | 44.5 ± 15.6 | 47.0 ± 17.1 |
PM10 (ug/m3) | 16.2 ± 1.9 | 16.4 ± 1.9 | 16.3 ± 1.9 | 16.3 ± 1.9 | 16.4 ± 1.9 |
PM2.5 (ug/m3) | 10.0 ± 1.1 | 10.1 ± 1.1 | 10.1 ± 1.1 | 10.0 ± 1.1 | 10.2 ± 1.1 |
PM2.5−10 (ug/m3) | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 6.5 ± 0.9 | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 6.5 ± 0.9 |
Air Pollution Score | 60.7 ± 8.1 | 61.9 ± 8.2 | 61.3 ± 8.3 | 61.1 ± 8.0 | 62.3 ± 8.4 |