Fig. 1

The snow cover extent is rapidly declining in the extratropical Andes. (a) Trend in the annual snow cover extent of 18 watersheds (also called drainage basins or catchments) in Central Chile (from latitude 27°S to 36°S), computed from MODIS-derived estimates over the period 2001–2022. Additional statistics are shown in Table 1. (b) Changes in snow cover extent from 2001–2012 to 2013–2022 in 18 watersheds in Central Chile. (c) Annual snow cover extent relative to the 2001–2020 mean. The watersheds in (a) were grouped into three regions based on latitude: 27–31°S, 31–34°S, and 34–36°S. Data are based on satellite-derived estimates from MODIS/Terra Snow Cover Daily L3 Global 500 m SIN Grid, version 6.1, available at https://nsidc.org/data/mod10a1/versions/61 . Plots were generated using Python’s Matplotlib library49, version 3.4.3, https://matplotlib.org/3.4.3/contents.html