Fig. 1

Study site: (a) overview, (b) Noto Peninsula, and (c) Minazuki and Yoshiura bays. Yellow circles in panels (a) and (b) indicate the locations of Minazuki and Yoshiura bays. Black star in panel (b) indicates the epicenter of the 2024 earthquake. Blue circle in panel (b) indicates the closest tidal gauge. Red lines in panel (b) indicate the locations of active faults, provided by the Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan²⁴. Black polygons in panels (b) and (c) indicate earthquake-induced landslides identified by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan¹². Contours in panel (c) are at 10-m intervals. Inset in panel (c) depicts the geological setting¹⁸. All maps were generated using QGIS version 3.28 (http://qgis.org/).