Fig. 4

Illustration of nitrate characteristics in the soil profile, including peak depths, peaks of nitrate contents, nitrate leaching depths (a). Data on AO and CK are used as an example. Vertical distribution of soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) in AO and croplands with different recovery years in 0–15 m profile (b) (The small plot represents the linear fit between the peak depth of NO3−-N and the recovery years).