Fig. 1

Direct DJF surface response comparison between Karnauskas et al. using the (a) ECHAM4.6 model (2.8\(^\circ\)) and the (b) CESM2 model (1\(^\circ\)). Also included are (c) the ERA5 observed DJF in units per 83 years with (b) the positive SST trends omitted. Sea level pressure (contoured every 0.25 mb, zero omitted, negative dashed) and surface wind vector anomalies are shown (> 0.5 m/s) and scaled by 5, as well as the SST forcing (\(^\circ\)C) used in each experiment (colors).