Fig. 3

Identification of DEGs from each contrast of the datasets. (A–F) The volcano plots illustrate the up- and down-regulated genes. The x-axis denotes the log2 fold change (LFC) in gene expression, with positive values indicating upregulation and negative values indicating downregulation. The Y-axis shows the negative log-transformed adjusted P-value. Red circles highlight upregulated genes, while blue circles indicate downregulated genes. The horizontal line marks the FDR threshold of 0.05 and the vertical lines delineate the LFC thresholds of -1 and + 1. (G–I) The number of DEGs for each contrast and the shared DEGs, offering a comprehensive overview of gene expression changes across different conditions.