Table 1 Comparison from related studies.

Venkatesh et al. ²⁷

Structural Equation Modeling

UTAUT

Further variables are needed to be considered, extended, or added for a more holistic assessment.

Several constructs may be deemed insignificant due to cross-loading effects.

Yuduang et al. ²⁸

Structural equation modeling and neural network

UTAUT2

Consistent output on both tools was proven. The algorithm was suggested to be improved.

Other machine learning algorithms could be considered and utilized.

Venkatesh and Bala²⁹

Structural Equation Modeling

TAM 3

Further variables are needed to be considered, extended, or added for a more holistic assessment.

Several constructs may be deemed insignificant due to cross-loading effects.

Pal and Vanijja³⁰

Descriptive and Structural Equation Modeling

System Usability Scale and TAM

Prasetyo et al. ³¹

Structural Equation Modeling

TAM and Delone and McLean IS Success Model

Zheng and Li ³²

Structural Equation Modeling

Extended TAM

Positive and significant output was obtained from the analysis on all the relationships.

Additional variables are suggested to be included as one theory could not further measure the overall intention.

Schepers and Wetzels³³

Correlation and Structural Equation Modeling

Extended TAM

Additional tests were needed to encompass the path analysis.

Correlation analysis needed support for holistic assessment.

Tripathi³⁴

Exploratory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling

Valence Framework and TAM

Additional tests were needed to encompass the path analysis and further variables were needed to be considered, extended, or added for a more holistic assessment.

Limited insights and implications were seen based only on the relationship of the path analysis.

Obeidat and Turgay³⁵

Correlation

Social Exchange Theory and TAM

Positive implications were made based on the correlation.

Relationship was limited to each construct rather than an overall evaluation.

Purnama and Ginardi³⁶

Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression

TAM 2

Further variables are needed to be considered, extended, or added for a more holistic assessment.

Several constructs may be deemed insignificant due to cross-loading effects and that relationship was limited to each construct rather than an overall evaluation.

Yaseen et al.⁴⁶

Multiple linear regression

Technology Organization Environment and Diffusion of Innovation

Limited with the constructs used, model verification was needed to be explored, and a mixed method was suggested to be employed.