Table 2 Characteristics for transcranial magnetic stimulation and virtual reality exposure therapy sessions.

From: Intermittent theta burst stimulation over the left prefrontal cortex: no additional effect for virtual reality exposure therapy in acrophobia—a randomized trial

 

Sham TMS

Active TMS

Sham vs. active TMS

M (SD) or N (%)

M (SD) or N (%)

Test statistic (p)

1st session

2nd session

1st session

2nd session

1st session

2nd session

TMS

 rMT

35.95 (7.31)

–

34.26 (6.06)

–

1.09 (.278)

–

 TMS intensity

34.86 (7.00)

35.44 (7.33)

33.68 (5.57)

33.63 (5.67)

0.81 (.421)

1.19 (.118)

VRET

 Duration exposure

23.00 (10.02)

19.79 (6.63)

25.09 (11.29)

20.29 (7.61)

545.50 (.434)

710.50 (.905)

 Duration habituation

7.32 (8.35)

5.84 (4.32)

8.13 (8.22)

6.16 (5.14)

644.00 (.415)

693.50 (.919)

 Maximal anxiety

90.90 (13.88)

85.66 (20.74)

94.68 (7.32)

91.45 (14.61)

684.00 (.666)

653.50 (.431)

 Maximal height

  0–1st level

5 (13.16)

1 (2.63)

4 (10.53)

2 (5.26)

7.40 (.389)

7.55 (.374)

  1st level

3 (7.89)

2 (5.26)

3 (7.89)

3 (7.89)

  

  1st–2nd level

2 (5.26)

1 (2.63)

2 (5.26)

1 (2.63)

  

  2nd level

6 (15.79)

5 (13.16)

10 (26.32)

3 (7.89)

  

  2nd–3rd level

0 (0.00)

3 (7.89)

4 (10.53)

2 (5.26)

  

  3rd level

4 (10.53)

1 (2.63)

4 (10.53)

7 (18.42)

  

  3rd–4th level

1 (2.63)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

1 (2.63)

  

  4th level

17 (44.74)

25 (65.79)

11 (28.95)

19 (50.00%)

  

 Presence

62.76 (21.14)

66.97 (15.00)

67.58 (18.95)

70.20 (15.55)

614.50 (.260)

− 0.92 (.182)

 SSQ

21.44 (17.39)

–

23.83 (20.39)

–

646.50 (.684)

–

 STAI State

37.41 (9.75)

32.62 (6.86)

39.17 (9.95)

33.86 (8.95)

626.00 (.318)

675.50 (.629)

 IPQ

  General presence

4.26 (1.22)

4.29 (0.87)

4.47 (1.25)

4.29 (1.18)

637.00 (.355)

701.00 (.818)

  Spatial presence

22.11 (4.10)

21.45 (4.95)

21.82 (4.57)

21.13 (4.13)

693.00 (.762)

0.30 (.764)

  Involvement

14.87 (5.51)

15.05 (4.83)

15.32 (5.00)

14.39 (4.50)

− 0.37 (.712)

0.62 (.541)

  Experienced realism

11.55 (4.03)

12.37 (4.04)

13.49 (4.63)

13.42 (4.40)

− 1.95 (.055)

− 1.09 (.281)

  1. Means and standard deviations for each TMS group. Test statistics for independent t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests, or χ2, as appropriate.
  2. TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation; M, Mean; SD, Standard deviation; rMT, resting motor threshold; VRET, virtual reality exposure therapy; SSQ, Simulator Sickness Questionnaire; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; IPQ, Igroup Presence Questionnaire.
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