Table 4 Univariate and multivariate analysis of the case group—ADL Impairment.

From: Patients with neurological or psychiatric complications of COVID-19 have worse long-term functional outcomes: COVID-CNS—A multicentre case–control study

Risk Factors

(NA = not available data)

ADL Impaired

(n = 199)

n(row %)

Not ADL impaired

(n = 90)

n(row %)

All

(n = 289)

Univariate analysis

Odds ratio

(95% confidence interval), p value

Multivariate analysis

Odds ratio

(95% confidence interval),

p value

Female

Male

80 (72)

119 (66)

31 (28)

59 (33)

111

178

1.28 (0.76 – 2.13), 0.36

5.43 (1.73—16.95), 0.003**

Age > 50

Age < 50

134 (69)

65 (67)

58 (31)

32 (33)

192

97

1.27 (0.75 – 2.18), 0.41

3.11 (1.17—8.26), 0.02*

Smoker

Non-Smoker (NA = 23)

79 (74)

97 (61)

28 (26)

62 (39)

107

159

1.80 (1.05 – 3.14), 0.03*

1.47 (0.56—3.83), 0.42

Ethnicity – White

Ethnicity – Non-White

155 (71)

44 (62)

63 (29)

27 (38)

218

71

1.51 (0.87 – 2.65), 0.18

2.07 (0.68—6.28), 0.19

Frailty Score > 2

Frailty Score < 2 (NA = 7)

60 (75)

136 (68)

20 (25)

66 (32)

80

202

1.46 (0.81 – 2.62). 0.25

-

Hypertension

Normotension (NA = 10)

65 (67)

128 (71)

33 (33)

52 (29)

98

180

1.20 (0.67 – 2.11). 0.56

3.66 (1.06—12.68), 0.04*

Diabetes

No Diabetes (NA = 11)

24 (65)

168 (70)

13 (35)

72 (30)

37

240

0.79 (0.38—1.58), 0.56

0.58 (0.17—1.94), 0.38

Renal disease

No Renal disease (NA = 11)

4 (50)

189 (70)

4(50)

80 (30)

8

269

0.42 (0.12 – 1.49), 0.25

-

Dyslipidaemia

No Dyslipidaemia (NA = 18)

24 (63)

164 (70)

14 (37)

69 (30)

38

233

0.72 (0.36 – 1.52), 0.45

3.44 (0.71—16.64), 0.12

Stroke

No Stroke (NA = 11)

5 (63)

187 (70)

3 (37)

82 (30)

8

269

0.73 (0.19 – 2.82), 0.70

-

COVID Vaccine

No Vaccine (NA = 8)

173 (70)

24 (71)

74 (30)

10 (29)

247

34

0.97 (0.46—2.17), > 0.9

-

ACEI/ARB

No ACEI/ARB (NA = 12)

22 (55)

172 (73)

18 (45)

65 (27)

40

237

0.46 (0.23 – 0.94), 0.03*

0.17 (0.03—0.84), 0.03*

Statins

No Statins (NA = 18)

31 (62)

157 (71)

19 (38)

63 (29)

50

220

0.65 (0.35 – 1.26), 0.23

0.09 (0.02—0.36), 0.0006****

Steroids

No Steroids (NA = 27)

33 (80)

148 (67)

8 (20)

72 (33)

41

220

2.00 (0.89 – 4.31), 0.10

-

O2 on Admission

No O2 on admission (NA = 11)

99 (73)

94 (66)

36 (27)

48 (34)

135

142

1.40 (0.84 – 2.32), 0.24

0.28 (0.04 – 1.75), 0.17

O2 Peak Admission

No O2 Mid admission (NA = 43)

92 (70)

76 (68)

40 (30)

36 (32)

132

112

1.09 (0.63—1.86), 0.78

2.36 (0.35—15.75), 0.38

CRP > 5

CRP < 5 (NA = 96)

110 (71)

28 (72)

44 (29)

11 (28)

154

39

0.98 (0.45—2.18), > 0.9

1.04 (0.22—4.87), 0.96

Critical Care Admission

No Admission (NA = 14)

67 (73)

127 (69)

25 (27)

57 (31)

92

184

1.20 (0.70 – 2.09), 0.57

1.82 (0.61—5.42), 0.28

  1. NA: ADL: activities of daily living, Not Available (data), CRP: C-reactive protein, ACEI: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB: Angiotensin receptor blockers. O2: Oxygen. Risk factors applied to the multivariable regressions include gender, Age > 50, Smoking status, Ethnicity, Hypertension, Diabetes, Dyslipidaemia, ACEI/ARB, Statins, Oxygen requirement on admission and mid of admission, CRP > 5, Critical care admission.
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