Table 6 Gender-based differences in HRV parameters. Values are expressed as median ± IQR. * indicates a t-test p-value < 0.05 compared to the healthy volunteers; ** indicates a t-test p-value < 0.001. + indicates a t-test p-value < 0.05 between COVID-19 and CVD control.
From: Heart rate variability parameters indicate altered autonomic tone in subjects with COVID-19
HRV parameters | Male | Female | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19 | Healthy | CVD | COVID-19 | Healthy | CVD | |
MeanNN (s) | 0.76 ± 0.21* | 0.92 ± 0.10 | 0.73 ± 0.18* | 0.71 ± 0.1** | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.79 ± 0.1* |
SDNN (s) | 0.03 ± 0.05* | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.03* | 0.02 ± 0.03* | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.03* |
RMSSD (s) | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.03* | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.03* |
pNN50 (%) | 0.7 ± 35.87* | 15.66 ± 43.52 | 7.17 ± 18.72 | 0.9 ± 26.51* | 26.8 ± 25.51 | 4.7 ± 26.51* |
VLF (%) | 39.36 ± 25.39 | 44.06 ± 24.13 | 26.75 ± 25.53* | 34.4 ± 24.27 | 32.45 ± 23.74 | 30.46 ± 24.74 |
LF (%) | 18.32 ± 24.35* | 22.73 ± 9.24 | 20.30 ± 15.53* | 18.62 ± 16.84* | 24.79 ± 14.67 | 15.82 ± 14.78* |
HF (%) | 17.03 ± 27.74 | 18.13 ± 22.27 | 20.86 ± 22.31 | 12.93 ± 25.26* | 26.59 ± 21.92 | 14.91 ± 21.93* |
LF/HF [n.u.] | 1.04 ± 0.88 | 1.03 ± 1.39 | 0.86 ± 0.81 | 1 ± 2.36 | 1.02 ± 1.12 | 0.77 ± 1.17 |
SampEn [a.u.] | 1.47 ± 0.75 | 1.64 ± 0.31 | 1.67 ± 0.40 | 1.67 ± 0.66 | 1.65 ± 0.34 | 1.62 ± 0.32 |
probAgr [a.u.] | 0.18 ± 0.31** | 0.37 ± 0.08 | 0.18 ± 0.21** | 0.16 ± 0.24** | 0.41 ± 0.04 | 0.18 ± 0.04** |
SD1 (s) | 0.04 ± 0.13 | 0.07 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.05** | 0.04 ± 0.03* | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.04 ± 0.05* |
SD2 (s) | 0.09 ± 0.14* | 0.16 ± 122.70 | 0.11 ± 0.09** | 0.07 ± 0.09* | 0.19 ± 0.12 | 0.09 ± 0.11* |
SD1/SD2 [n.u.] | 0.57 ± 0.1 | 0.37 ± 0.37 | 0.6 ± 0.25** | 0.57 ± 0.22 | 0.43 ± 0.28 | 0.58 ± 0.29 |
SD2/SD1 [n.u.] | 1.77 ± 1.36 | 2.72 ± 0.84 | 1.74 ± 0.74 | 1.79 ± 1.18 | 2.34 ± 1.26 | 1.74 ± 1.11 |
