Table 7 Race-based differences in HRV parameters. Values are expressed as median ± IQR. * indicates a t-test p-value < 0.05 compared to the healthy volunteers; ** indicates a t-test p-value < 0.001. + indicates a t-test p-value < 0.05 between COVID-19 and CVD control.
From: Heart rate variability parameters indicate altered autonomic tone in subjects with COVID-19
HRV parameters | White | Non-white | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19 | Healthy | CVD | COVID-19 | Healthy | CVD | |
MeanNN (s) | 0.76 ± 0.16** | 0.93 ± 0.14 | 0.76 ± 0.21* | 0.63 ± 0.19* | 0.89 ± 0.07 | 0.69 ± 0.3 |
SDNN (s) | 0.03 ± 0.04* | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.03* | 0.02 ± 0.02*+ | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.03* |
RMSSD (s) | 0.02 ± 0.04* | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.0* | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.02* |
pNN50 (%) | 2.24 ± 21.53* | 18.62 ± 25.09 | 6.67 ± 22.33 | 0.01 ± 1.08*+ | 24.55 ± 48.89 | 2.98 ± 14.51* |
VLF (%) | 36.66 ± 29.56 | 38.69 ± 26.98 | 24.90 ± 40.84 | 41.46 ± 22.08 | 37.57 ± 25.46 | 31.65 ± 31.36 |
LF (%) | 19.02 ± 19.17* | 25.12 ± 16.31 | 18.88 ± 27.69* | 8.84 ± 14.59* | 22.06 ± 3.51 | 19.59 ± 14.21* |
HF (%) | 17.03 ± 27.45 | 18.23 ± 15.51 | 20.61 ± 43.54 | 7.29 ± 10.48* | 31.21 ± 28.14 | 13.67 ± 23.02* |
LF/HF [n.u.] | 1.0 ± 1.57 | 1.31 ± 1.61 | 0.64 ± 1.34 | 1.59 ± 1.29 | 0.72 ± 0.69 | 0.86 ± 1.05 |
SampEn [a.u.] | 1.50 ± 0.75+ | 1.63 ± 0.3 | 1.61 ± 0.52+ | 1.83 ± 1 | 1.67 ± 0.34 | 1.62 ± 0.39 |
probAgr [a.u.] | 0.2 ± 0.21** | 0.41 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.22** | 0.08 ± 0.16* | 0.37 ± 0.09 | 0.22 ± 0.2* |
SD1 (s) | 0.038 ± 0.06* | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.03 ± 0.01*+ | 0.09 ± 0.09 | 0.04 ± 0.03* |
SD2 (s) | 0.1 ± 0.13* | 0.16 ± 0.12 | 0.11 ± 0.09* | 0.05 ± 0.05* | 0.18 ± 0.06 | 0.1 ± 0.11* |
SD1/SD2 [n.u.] | 0.57 ± 0.36 | 0.38 ± 0.14 | 0.63 ± 0.24* | 0.47 ± 0.5 | 0.43 ± 0.38 | 0.50 ± 0.25 |
SD2/SD1 [n.u.] | 1.79 ± 1.35 | 2.67 ± 0.81 | 1.59 ± 0.81* | 2.25 ± 1.58 | 2.34 ± 1.53 | 1.99 ± 1.16 |
