Table 8 Comparison of HRV parameters based on BMI across study groups. Values are expressed as median ± IQR. * indicates a t-test p-value < 0.05 compared to the healthy volunteers; ** indicates a t-test p-value < 0.001. + indicates a t-test p-value < 0.05 between COVID-19 and CVD control.
From: Heart rate variability parameters indicate altered autonomic tone in subjects with COVID-19
HRV parameters | BMI ≤ 30 | BMI > 30 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19 | Healthy | CVD control | COVID-19 | Healthy | CVD control | |
MeanNN (s) | 0.75 ± 0.21*+ | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 0.7 ± 0.2* | 0.7 ± 0.18* | 0.93 ± 0.1 | 0.75 ± 0.24* |
SDNN (s) | 0.02 ± 0.05*+ | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.04* | 0.02 ± 0.02* | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.04* |
RMSSD (s) | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.01* | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.02* |
pNN50(%) | 0.67 ± 35.87* | 20.99 ± 33.60 | 6.36 ± 24.97 | 0.64 ± 5.81* | 32.02 ± 40.63 | 4.43 ± 11.77* |
VLF(%) | 30.80 ± 25.02 | 34.18 ± 25.13 | 21.35 ± 32.93 | 41.62 ± 23.92 | 43.88 ± 19.98 | 33.23 ± 37.62 |
LF(%) | 21.29 ± 17.36+ | 22.73 ± 14.78 | 19.34 ± 13.48* | 14.27 ± 14.4* | 23.30 ± 10.17 | 19.42 ± 14.84 |
HF(%) | 12.93 ± 27.74* | 25.6 ± 23.27 | 19.85 ± 25.57 | 13.58 ± 18.07* | 22.21 ± 19.43 | 14.44 ± 18.63* |
LF/HF[n.u.] | 1 ± 1.77+ | 0.84 ± 1.65 | 0.8 ± 0.63+ | 1.13 ± 1.45 | 1.29 ± 1.55 | 1.03 ± 1.33 |
SampEn[a.u.] | 1.43 ± 0.7*+ | 1.65 ± 0.316 | 1.61 ± 0.4+ | 1.58 ± 0.852 | 1.63 ± 0.26 | 1.5 ± 0.88 |
probAgr[a.u.] | 0.17 ± 0.31** | 0.4 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.21** | 0.16 ± 0.19** | 0.4 ± 0.09 | 0.21 ± 0.21** |
SD1(s) | 0.04 ± 0.13 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.06 | 0.04 ± 0.03** | 0.08 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.04* |
SD2(s) | 0.07 ± 0.14* | 0.16 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.12* | 0.07 ± 0.06** | 0.21 ± 0.13 | 0.11 ± 0.13* |
SD1/SD2[n.u.] | 0.63 ± 0.45 | 0.5 ± 0.25 | 0.62 ± 0.26** | 0.46 ± 0.24 | 0.37 ± 0.28 | 0.55 ± 0.32 |
SD2/SD1[n.u.] | 1.6 ± 1.56* | 2.42 ± 1.21 | 1.63 ± 0.71* | 2.22 ± 1.07 | 2.67 ± 1.18 | 1.8 ± 1.47 |
