Table 9 Age-matched comparison of HRV parameters. * indicates a one-way ANOVA p-value < 0.05 compared to the healthy volunteers; ** indicates a one-way ANOVA p-value < 0.001. + indicates a one-way ANOVA p-value < 0.05 between COVID-19 and CVD control.
From: Heart rate variability parameters indicate altered autonomic tone in subjects with COVID-19
Domain | HRV parameter | COVID-19 | Healthy volunteers | CVD control | p-values (One way ANOVA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | MeanNN (s) | 0.68 ± 0.14** | 0.92 ± 0.14 | 0.73 ± 0.28* | 9.52E− 6 |
SDNN (s) | 0.02 ± 0.02* | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.02* | 0.06 | |
RMSSD (s) | 0.02 ± 0.01* | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.418 | |
pNN50 (%) | 0.37 ± 3.61*+ | 11.31 ± 20.87 | 3.24 ± 12.70 | 0.056 | |
Frequency | VLF (%) | 37.89 ± 24.93 | 39.24 ± 14.88 | 34.89 ± 28.33 | 0.56 |
LF (%) | 13.84 ± 18.01* | 29.84 ± 19.85 | 19.59 ± 16.24* | 1 E− 4 | |
HF(%) | 7.30 ± 18.65* | 18.21 ± 14.16 | 15.21 ± 16.26 | 0.059 | |
LF/HF[n.u.] | 1.51 ± 1.55 | 1.34 ± 1.31 | 0.98 ± 1.26 | 0.256 | |
Regularity | SampEn[a.u.] | 1.57 ± 0.72* | 1.75 ± 0.23 | 1.69 ± 0.55 | 0.34 |
probAgr[a.u.] | 0.14 ± 0.27** | 0.41 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.18** | 3.14E− 8 | |
Nonlinear | SD1(s) | 0.04 ± 0.0* | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.406 |
SD2(s) | 0.06 ± 0.06* | 0.15 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.08* | 0.02 | |
SD1/SD2[n.u.] | 0.57 ± 0.34* | 0.38 ± 0.09 | 0.53 ± 0.29* | 0.049 | |
SD2/SD1[n.u.] | 1.79 ± 1.36 | 2.66 ± 0.56 | 1.58 ± 0.77* | 0.242 |
