Table 4 Linear regression β coefficients (95%CI) for PPI use on z-standardized microstructural brain measures (stratified by age groups and duration of use)

From: The impact of proton pump inhibitors on brain health based on cross-sectional findings from the Rhineland Study

	All (n=4963; 250 PPI users)			Short-term PPI users (n=104)			Long-term PPI users (n=156)
	β	95% CI	p	β	95% CI	p	β	95% CI	p
Global FA	−0.07	−0.20–0.05	0.261	−0.15	−0.34–0.04	0.118	−0.02	−0.17–0.14	0.813
Global MD	0.12	0.01–0.23	0.039	0.15	−0.02–0.32	0.087	0.10	−0.04–0.24	0.174
Body of corpus callosum (MD)	0.20	0.08–0.33	0.001	0.22	0.03–0.41	0.022	0.19	0.03–0.34	0.018
Left cingulum (cingulate gyrus)	0.11	−0.01–0.23	0.081	0.14	−0.04–0.33	0.134	0.09	−0.07–0.24	0.270
Right cingulum (cingulate gyrus) (MD)	0.09	−0.03–0.22	0.151	0.10	−0.09–0.29	0.308	0.09	−0.07–0.25	0.280
Left cingulum (hippocampus) (MD)	0.05	−0.08–0.18	0.456	0.23	0.03–0.43	0.025	−0.07	−0.23–0.10	0.418
Right cingulum (hippocampus) (MD)	−0.06	−0.20–0.08	0.423	0.15	−0.07–0.36	0.178	−0.19	−0.36–−0.02	0.333
Left corticospinal tract (MD)	0.05	−0.08–0.19	0.453	−0.11	−0.32–0.10	0.303	0.16	−0.01–0.33	0.070
Right corticospinal tract (MD)	0.12	−0.02–0.26	0.099	0.01	−0.20–0.22	0.906	0.18	0.01–0.36	0.037
Fornix (column and body) (MD)	0.00	−0.13–0.13	0.990	0.01	−0.19–0.21	0.938	−0.00	−0.17–0.16	0.964
Genu of corpus callosum (MD)	0.03	−0.10–0.16	0.650	0.04	−0.16–0.24	0.683	0.02	−0.14–0.19	0.785
Left posterior thalamic radiation (MD)	0.00	−0.12–0.12	0.988	0.06	−0.12–0.25	0.494	−0.04	−0.19–0.11	0.598
Right posterior thalamic radiation (MD)	0.03	−0.10–0.15	0.665	0.11	−0.08–0.30	0.266	−0.03	−0.18–0.13	0.751
Splenium of corpus callosum (MD)	0.14	0.01–0.27	0.440	0.08	−0.12–0.28	0.417	0.17	0.01–0.34	0.390
Left superior longitudinal fasciculus (MD)	0.09	−0.02–0.21	0.113	0.11	−0.07–0.29	0.217	0.08	−0.06–0.23	0.268
Right superior longitudinal fasciculus (MD)	0.12	−0.00–0.24	0.051	0.14	−0.04–0.32	0.128	0.10	−0.05–0.25	0.175
Left sagittal stratum (MD)	0.00	−0.11–0.12	0.935	0.00	−0.18–0.18	0.996	0.01	−0.14–0.16	0.918
Right sagittal stratum (MD)	0.06	−0.06–0.19	0.342	0.07	−0.12–0.27	0.443	0.05	−0.11–0.21	0.521
Left uncinate fasciculus (MD)	0.07	−0.06–0.21	0.287	0.24	0.03–0.44	0.024	−0.03	−0.20–0.13	0.687
Right uncinate fasciculus (MD)	0.11	−0.03–0.24	0.122	0.12	−0.08–0.33	0.247	0.10	−0.07–0.26	0.264

Models adjusted for age, age², sex, education, smoking, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, antithrombotic medication, antidepressants, statins, anticholinergic medication, NSAIDs, perceived stress.
BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, FA fractional anisotropy, MD mean diffusivity, n number of participants, NSAID non−steroidal anti−inflammatory drugs, PPI proton pump inhibitors;
Values in bold represent significant values.

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Table 4 Linear regression β coefficients (95%CI) for PPI use on z-standardized microstructural brain measures (stratified by age groups and duration of use)

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