Table 2 Optimization for the synthesis of pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile with 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, urea, malononitrile and bone char-nPrN-SO3H as catalyst.

From: Highly efficient synthesis of pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives over a robust biowaste bone char-Bronsted solid acid catalyst

Entry

Catalyst (mol%)

Solvent

Temperature (°C)

Time (min)

Yield%

1

0.00

-

80

240

40

2

0.24

-

80

65

92

3

0.32

-

80

40

95

4

0.4

-

80

5

97

5

0.4

Water

Reflux

240

75

6

0.4

Acetonitrile

Reflux

240

50

7

0.4

n-hexane

Reflux

240

35

8

0.4

Ethanol

Reflux

240

67

9

0.4

Ethanol: water

50:50

Reflux

240

71

10

0.4

-

30

60

45

11

0.4

-

50

35

67

12

0.4

-

70

15

85

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