Fig. 3

Drivers and beneficiaries of dive tourism benefits. (A) Contribution of different components to dive tourism benefits from marine protected areas (MPAs). (B) Distribution of consumer surplus benefits associated with MPA-driven dive tourism benefits by region and diver origin (local or foreign). (C) Distribution of dive fee revenue associated with dive tourism by region and country classification if a US$53 dive fee were to be implemented to capture MPA-driven benefits. This user fee was chosen because it results in no change in the number of dives, dive revenue, and consumer surplus pre- and post-MPA. The inset plots in (B,C) show the distribution of consumer surplus benefits and dive fee revenue by country globally.