Table 1 Model results for occurrence of object play (Model 1) and duration of object play bouts (Model 2).

Term	Estimate	SE	95% CL_lower	95% CL_upper	χ²	df	p-value
Model 1: Occurrence of Object Play (binomial GLMM)
(Intercept)	−2.076	0.360	−2.784	−1.349
Sex male	0.125	0.161	−0.202	0.445	0.576	1	0.448
Age-class Sub-adult Year 1	−0.344	0.240	−0.844	0.096	18.632	3	< 0.001***
Age-class Sub-adult Year 2	−0.963	0.283	−1.561	−0.465
Age-class Adult	−1.723	0.264	−2.212	−1.196
Season - Summer	−1.071	0.298	−1.639	−0.522	9.145	3	0.027*
Season - Autumn	−0.563	0.322	−1.208	0.026
Season - Winter	−0.407	0.320	−1.062	0.217
Model 2: Duration of Object Play Bouts (LMM)
(Intercept)	3.613	0.324	2.984	4.259
Sex male	0.226	0.130	−0.023	0.488	3.015	1	0.082
Object-type Anthropogenic	0.411	0.292	−0.193	0.934	28.314	3	< 0.001***
Object-type Natural-Inorganic	−0.511	0.279	−1.081	0.008
Object-type Plant-derived	−0.522	−0.249	−1.007	−0.074
Season - Summer	0.241	0.353	−0.399	0.924	4.238	3	0.237
Season - Autumn	0.088	0.231	−0.346	0.551
Season - Winter	−0.273	0.240	−0.726	0.212
Age-class Sub-adult Year 1	−0.130	−0.205	−0.535	0.267	5.551	3	0.136
Age-class Sub-adult Year 2	−0.356	0.278	−0.926	0.234
Age-class Adult	−0.751	0.728	−2.307	0.649
Play-type Social	−0.156	0.205	−0.546	0.255
Age-class Sub-adult Year 1: Play-type social	0.062	0.292	−0.508	0.639
Age-class Sub-adult Year 2: Play-type social	0.708	0.432	−0.184	1.596
Age-class Adult: Play-type social	1.821	1.050	−0.334	3.872

Significance codes: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** <0.001. Reference categories are “female” for Sex, “Juvenile” for Age class, “Spring” for Season, “Animal-derived” for Object-type, and “Non-social” for Play-type. Indicated χ², df, and p-values refer to the overall effects of the predictors. All estimates for Model 2 are with reference to log-transformed response variable i.e. natural log of duration of object play bout.

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