Table 1 Data sources.

Geographic information data

http://www.ngcc.cn/

Includes administrative boundaries of cities, districts and counties, water system data and road data

NDVI

http://www.gscloud.cn/

Reflects the condition of vegetation cover and natural landscape in urban areas

POI data

https://ditu.amap.com/

Represents various types of functional facilities that contain information, categories, and other attributes of the location

Baidu heat map

http://map.baidu.com/

Through the degree of color change intuitive response to the distribution of hot spots, regional aggregation, and other data information, can reflect the degree of concentration of pedestrian flow, etc

GDP

http://www.resdc.cn/

Reflecting the level of economic development

Nighttime Lights

https://ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/viirs/

The Changing Nighttime Lights of the World poster depicts the lights from cities, gas flares, fishing boats, the southern aurora, and fires

Baidu street view

https://map.baidu.com

High-definition panoramic images of selected city streets can be viewed

Open Street map

https://www.openstreetmap.org

Digital map of Yinchuan’s urban road network