Table 2 Genetic variability indexes estimated from the genotypes at 39 autosomal microsatellite loci of historical (HW) and contemporary (CW) Italian wolves, and, for comparative purpose, of Dinaric (WDIN), Iberian (WIBE), Carpathian (WCARP), Balkan (WBALK) and Baltic (WBALT) wolves (n = sample size).

From: Museomics and morphological analyses of historical and contemporary peninsular Italian wolf (Canis lupus italicus) samples

Group (n)

HO

HE

NA

NE

NAR

NR

NP

NDHW

FIS

HW (55)

0.47 (0.04)

0.49 (0.04)

3.85 (0.25)

2.34 (0.15)

3.18 (0.18)

42

3

3

0.064***

CW (56)

0.48 (0.03)

0.51 (0.03)

4.69 (0.24)

2.39 (0.15)

3.63 (0.16)

65

6

7

0.067***

WDIN (92)

0.64 (0.02)

0.70 (0.02)

6.69 (0.28)

3.69 (0.22)

5.07 (0.20)

92

15

6

0.087***

WIBE (19)

0.53 (0.04)

0.61 (0.03)

4.54 (0.25)

3.09 (0.19)

4.32 (0.24)

20

7

1

0.166***

WCARP (23)

0.61 (0.03)

0.62 (0.02)

4.64 (0.20)

2.94 (0.14)

4.24 (0.17)

44

2

7

0.035*

WBALK (26)

0.65 (0.02)

0.71 (0.02)

6.56 (0.31)

3.91 (0.21)

5.85 (0.25)

62

14

4

0.110***

WBALT (38)

0.67 (0.02)

0.74 (0.01)

7.28 (0.27)

4.22 (0.20)

6.00 (0.20)

91

21

7

0.104***

  1. HO: observed heterozygosity, HE: expected heterozygosity, NA: number of alleles, NE: number of effective alleles, NAR: allelic richness based on 19 individuals, NR: number of rare alleles with frequencies 0.001 < freq. < 0.05, NP: number of private alleles per population, NHWD: number of loci in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium (with a p < 0.001 after Bonferroni correction); standard errors are in parentheses. Departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were assessed for each population from the average multilocus FIS values (the average individual inbreeding coefficient within each population) computed after 10,000 random permutations using Genetix (***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05).
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