Fig. 1

Bacterial microbiota diversity and composition in different samples. Box plots showing the alpha diversity indices represented by (A) observed amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), and (B) Shannon diversity. Boxes represent the interquartile range between the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the horizontal line inside the box denotes the median value, and the diamond represents the mean value. Asterisks refer to the Benjamini–Hochberg corrected p value, where *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001. (C) Beta diversity illustrated by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on Bray–Curtis distance. (D) Venn diagram showing the numbers of common and distinct ASVs among different sample types.