Fig. 2

Number of CUP per sample with increasing distance to the field for all investigated management systems (arable crops, vegetables and viticulture) in soil (a) and vegetation (b). CUP number per sample and distance. The curves show the exponential fit with the R-function nlsLM35. All samples (vegetation: n = 442, soil: n = 468) collected throughout the year are included. The in-field samples were labelled as distance 0 and the off-field samples were collected at distances of 1, 5 and 20 m in an adjacent meadow.