Fig. 1

TSA promotes shoot regenerative capacity. (A) Efficiency of shoot regeneration in callus treated with various TSA concentrations. Root explants from 7-day-old seedlings were cultured in CIM with indicated concentration of TSA, then transferred to SIM without TSA and incubated for 18 days under continuous light. Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation of three biological replicates. Significant differences were determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, with distinct letters indicating p < 0.05. (B) Upper panels: shoot regeneration of leaf and hypocotyl explants incubated in CIM with or without 2 µM TSA. Hypocotyl explants 7-day-old seedling and leaf explants from 14-day-old seedlings were cultured in CIM, followed by a 4-week incubation in SIM under continuous light. Scale bar = 2 mm. Lower panels: shoot regeneration efficiency of leaf and hypocotyl explants treated with or without 2 µM TSA. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significance was assessed using Student’s t-test, with ***p < 0.001. (C) Effect of TSA on histone H3 and H4 acetylation levels during callus induction. Histone proteins were extracted from 7-day-old seedling root explants with callus incubated in CIM with or without TSA after 1, 4, and 7 days. R: Root, C: control callus, T: TSA-treated callus, DAC: days after CIM incubation. Immunoblot images are cropped from supplementary information (Fig. S1).