Fig. 5

OGV, Large, and Small/Medium vessel traffic speeds in two example months: January and July. The top two figures show the mean speed per grid cell averaged over the study period in (a) January and (b) July for OGVs. The middle two figures show the mean speed per grid cell averaged over the study period in (c) January and (d) July for Large-size vessels. The bottom two figures show the mean speed per grid cell averaged over the study period in (e) January and (f) July for Small/Medium-size vessels. This figure was generated in R version 4.2.3 (https://www.r-project.org/). Country-level boundaries were sourced from Massicotte P, South A (2024). rnaturalearth: World Map Data from Natural Earth. R package version 1.0.