Fig. 1

Protective effect of AKBA on HPMECs induced by LPS. (A, B) Tubule formation assay was performed to evaluate the tubule-forming ability of HPMECs (100×magnification), n = 3. (C-F) Colony formation assay and EDU assay were used to detect the relief of AKBA on LPS-induced proliferation inhibition of HPMECs (100×magnification), n = 3. (G) Cell viability was evaluated by CCK8 assay, n = 3. (H-K) The migration protection of AKBA on HPMECs was confirmed by scratch assay and transwell assay (40×and 100×magnifications), n = 3. (L, M) The LC3 expression of HPMECs was determined by immunofluorescence assay, using CD31 as an internal reference. (200×magnification), n = 3. (N) Effective inhibition of autophagy by AKBA in HPMECs was elucidated by TEM (15.0k×magnification). Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), n = 3. Statistical significance levels are denoted as ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01 and ^***p < 0.001.