Table 4 Comprehensive evaluation of the proposed model against existing frameworks for COVID-19 diagnosis across datasets 1, 2, 3, and 4.

From: Blockchain enabled collective and combined deep learning framework for COVID19 diagnosis

Dataset

Models

Precision

Recall

Specificity

F1-Score

Accuracy

Dataset 1

EfficientNetB425

0.9058

0.9258

0.9014

0.9157

0.9254

Deep CNN31

0.8954

0.9152

0.8723

0.9052

0.9158

Blockchain-basedfederated learning38

0.9258

0.9261

0.9154

0.9259

0.9174

XGBoost26

0.9158

0.9014

0.8274

0.9085

0.9126

CAP-CNN41

0.9314

0.9409

0.9026

0.9361

0.9417

LSTM+blockchain14

0.9587

0.9414

0.8858

0.9500

0.9514

Bi-LSTM+blockchain33

0.9458

0.9325

0.9087

0.9391

0.9418

CLCD-Block (Proposed)

0.9879

0.9884

0.9787

0.9881

0.9871

Dataset 2

EfficientNetB425

0.8852

0.8987

0.6547

0.8919

0.9021

Deep CNN31

0.8987

0.9185

0.8452

0.9085

0.8971

Blockchain-basedfederated learning38

0.9189

0.9085

0.4521

0.9137

0.9154

XGBoost26

0.8947

0.8547

0.5214

0.8742

0.9142

CAP-CNN41

0.8754

0.8689

0.7524

0.8721

0.8725

LSTM+blockchain14

0.9125

0.9142

0.9014

0.9133

0.9147

Bi-LSTM+blockchain33

0.9248

0.9187

0.8549

0.9217

0.9097

CLCD-Block (Proposed)

0.9768

0.9776

0.9658

0.9772

0.9729

Dataset 3

EfficientNetB425

0.9154

0.9024

0.8874

0.9089

0.9285

Deep CNN31

0.8989

0.8958

0.8254

0.8973

0.9105

Blockchain-basedfederated learning38

0.9198

0.9052

0.4291

0.9124

0.9125

XGBoost26

0.8245

0.8147

0.8258

0.8196

0.8198

CAP-CNN41

0.8958

0.8578

0.82531

0.8764

0.8874

LSTM+blockchain14

0.9147

0.9058

0.8685

0.9102

0.9025

Bi-LSTM+blockchain33

0.9258

0.9158

0.8978

0.9208

0.9154

CLCD-Block (Proposed)

0.9731

0.9649

0.9821

0.9690

0.9835

Dataset 4

EfficientNetB425

0.9154

0.8849

0.7584

0.8999

0.9058

Deep CNN31

0.8799

0.8971

0.8542

0.8884

0.9254

Blockchain-basedfederated learning38

0.9254

0.9230

0.8756

0.9242

0.9148

XGBoost26

0.7587

0.7895

0.7258

0.7738

0.7689

CAP-CNN41

0.8782

0.8687

0.8658

0.8734

0.8725

LSTM+blockchain14

0.9158

0.9021

0.9098

0.9089

0.9029

Bi-LSTM+blockchain33

0.9236

0.9317

0.9157

0.9276

0.9256

CLCD-Block (Proposed)

0.9792

0.9731

0.9879

0.9761

0.9792