Table 2 Comparative study of common adsorbents.

From: Enhanced metal ion adsorption using ZnO-MXene nanocomposites with machine learning-based performance prediction

Adsorbent name

Targeted metal ions

Removal efficiency (%)

Adsorption mechanism

Advantages

Refs.

ZnO@MXene

Cd, Pb, Cr, As

92–99

Electrostatic attraction, surface modification

Higher Surface area, excellent conductivity, ease in functionalization, multiple adsorption sites

24

Activated Carbon

Cd, Pb, Cr, As

60–90

Physisorption, π-π interactions, ion exchange

Easily available, cost-effective, large surface area, good for large-scale production

25

Biochar

Cd, Pb, Cr, As

50–58

Physisorption, ion exchange, electrostatic attraction

Sustainable, cost-effective, renewable, easy to modify

26

Metal-Organic Framework (MOFs)

Cd, Pb, Cr, As

90–97

Coordination bonding, electrostatic attraction, functional group

Highly porous, tunable structure, high adsorption capacity, selective removal

27

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