Table 1 Human biting and infective biting rates from all Anopheles species adjusted for host availability from observed human behaviors.

From: Adjusting vector surveillance for human behaviors reveals Anopheles funestus drove a resurgence in malaria despite IRS with clothianidin in Uganda

 

Human-behavior adjusted HBRs*

Infective biting rate***

Raw

Regression-adjusted**

Raw

Regression-adjusted

Rate (95% CI)

Rate (95% CI)

Rate ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Rate (95% CI)

Rate (95% CI)

Rate ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Nov 2020 to Feb 2021

4.0 (2.2 to 5.8)

3.6 (1.3 to 5.9)

Ref

0.05 (0.03 to 0.07)

0.05 (0.02 to 0.06)

Ref

Mar 2021 to Nov 2021

3.2 (2.3 to 4.2)

2.9 (1.2 to 4.7)

0.81 (0.52 to 1.23)

0.316

0.04 (0.03 to 0.05)

0.03 (0.01 to 0.06)

0.85 (0.57 to 1.26)

0.407

Nov 2022 to Feb 2023

3.0 (2.1 to 3.8)

2.9 (1.6 to 4.3)

0.82 (0.52 to 1.3)

0.391

0.07 (0.05 to 0.09)

0.08 (0.04 to 0.11)

1.92 (1.25 to 2.95)

0.003

Mar 2023 to Sep 2023

2.3 (1.6 to 2.9)

2.5 (0.8 to 4.1)

0.69 (0.35 to 1.35)

0.274

0.02 (0.01 to 0.02)

0.02 (0.01 to 0.03)

0.48 (0.25 to 0.92)

0.026

  1. *Human-behavior adjusted HBRs calculated as the sum over the night of vector exposure determined per hour when individuals are outdoors or indoors without bednet use.
  2. **Marginal estimates and rate ratios from negative binomial regression models accounting for clustering at household level and adjusted for season and proximity to border.
  3. ***Infective biting rates based on species-specific nightly landing rates accounting for human behaviors and species-specific sporozoite rates from CDC LTs.
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