Fig. 36

Out-of-plane collapses of walls in earthen buildings: (a) rammed earth and adobe walls and floor collapse in neighboring buildings in Toufssirine (credit E. Lattion), (b) rammed earth façade in Amizmiz. The stone masonry ground floor exhibits an out-of-plane collapse of the external wall leaf (credit S. Saloustros), and (c) collapse of a rammed earth building in Amizmiz. Poor interlocking with neighboring building and with orthogonal walls (credit S. Saloustros).