Fig. 2

Calibration curve of our single classifier approach model. This plot shows the calibration of the predicted probabilities across five classes (Class 1 to Class 5). The x-axis represents the mean predicted probability, while the y-axis represents the fraction of positives (observed frequency). Each line corresponds to a different class, with the dashed diagonal line (“Perfectly calibrated”) indicating an ideal calibration where predicted probabilities perfectly match the observed outcomes. Deviation from the diagonal suggests miscalibration, where probabilities either underestimate or overestimate the actual outcomes.