Fig. 4 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 4

From: Toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, its main component and nanoformulation against Phthorimaea absoluta and the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus

Fig. 4

Life expectancy by age-stage (Exj) of Phthorimaea absoluta in (a) Foeniculum vulgare pure essential oil (FVO), (b) trans-anethol (TAL), (c) FVO-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (FVO-NLC), and (d) control (There was no significant difference between NLC sample prepared without FVO loading and distilled water–ethanol mixture, as controls).

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