Fig. 5

Survival rate by specific age-stage (lx), fecundity by specific age-stage (Fx, female), fecundity by specific age (mx), and maternity by specific age (lxmx) for Phthorimaea absoluta in (a) Foeniculum vulgare pure essential oil (FVO), (b) trans-anethole (TAL), (c) FVO-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (FVO-NLC), and (d) control (There was no significant difference between NLC sample prepared without FVO loading and distilled water–ethanol mixture, as controls).