Table 3 Contact toxicity of trans-anethole (TAL), Foeniculum vulgare pure essential oil (FVO), and FVO-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (FVO-NLC) against second instar larvae of Phthorimaea absoluta 72 h after treatment, LC lethal concentration, CL confidence limits, χ2 Chi-square value, df degree of freedom.

From: Toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, its main component and nanoformulation against Phthorimaea absoluta and the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus

Test material

LC50 (µL/mL)

(95% CL)

LC95 (µL/mL)

(95% CL)

χ2(df)

Slope ± SE

FVO

5.44 (4.94–5.96)

17.29 (13.36–26.99)

0.26(3)

3.27 ± 0.46

FVO-NLC

5.57 (5.10–6.09)

16.51 (12.98–24.66)

0.74(3)

3.48 ± 0.47

TAL

3.93 (3.70–4.16)

8.11 (6.85–10.96)

0.36(3)

4.66 ± 0.77

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