Table 4 Mean values (± SE) of developmental period of different stages and other biological parameters of Phthorimaea absoluta after treatment with LC₅₀ concentration of trans-anethole (TAL), Foeniculum vulgare pure essential oil (FVO), and FVO-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (FVO-NLC) in comparison with control treatment.

Egg (days)

4.05 ± 0.05^a

4.08 ± 0.03^a

4.04 ± 0.05^a

4.03 ± 0.04^a

L1 (days)

3.14 ± 0.04^a

3.07 ± 0.03^a

3.12 ± 0.04^a

3.12 ± 0.08^a

L2 (days)

2.12 ± 0.04^a

1.55 ± 0.05^b

1.66 ± 0.06^b

1.38 ± 0.06^c

L3 (days)

2.92 ± 0.04^c

3.82 ± 0.04^b

3.68 ± 0.05^b

4.21 ± 0.05^a

L4 (days)

3.09 ± 0.05^c

3.83 ± 0.06^b

3.72 ± 0.07^b

4.35 ± 0.07^a

Pupa (days)

7.94 ± 0.06^a

7.67 ± 0.06^a

7.90 ± 0.07^a

7.95 ± 0.09^a

Egg-pupa (days)

23.24 ± 0.13^c

24.02 ± 0.15^b

24.14 ± 0.15^b

25.11 ± 0.17^a

Female longevity (days)

17.52 ± 0.09^a

12.98 ± 0.02^c

13.72 ± 0.10^b

11.44 ± 0.09^d

Male longevity (days)

15.79 ± 0.08^a

11.00 ± 0.01^c

12.05 ± 0.17^b

10.21 ± 0.10^d

Oviposition period (days)

12.02 ± 0.11^a

6.08 ± 0.06^c

8.21 ± 0.10^b

5.31 ± 0.07^d

Fecundity (eggs/female)

140.12 ± 1.13^a

70.20 ± 0.34^c

86.63 ± 1.21^b

55.66 ± 0.67^d

Egg-adult (days)

40.07 ± 0.19^a

36.73 ± 0.17^c

37.29 ± 0.19^b

36.15 ± 0.21^d

TPOP (days)

24.71 ± 0.16^c

26.88 ± 0.18^b

26.86 ± 0.20^b

28.98 ± 0.22^a

APOP (days)

1.45 ± 0.08^d

3.02 ± 0.02^b

2.70 ± 0.09^c

3.76 ± 0.08^a