Table 6 Percentage of toxicity (E) for fourth instar nymphs of Macrolophus pygmaeus resulting from the application of trans-anethole (TAL), Foeniculum vulgare pure essential oil (FVO), and FVO-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (FVO-NLC) at the LC₅₀ estimated for the target pest, Phthorimaea absoluta. ^* = There was no significant difference between NLC sample prepared without FVO loading and distilled water–ethanol mixture, as controls. Mean followed by same letters within each column are not significant (One way ANOVA, Tukeỷs test, P < 0.05).

From: Toxicity of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil, its main component and nanoformulation against Phthorimaea absoluta and the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus