Fig. 1

Study area. (A) Topography and main geological structures in central Kamchatka. The red dotted line highlights major calderas. The red dashed lines indicate volcano lineaments. The red crosses indicate monogenic cones and extrusive domes within the MPZ. The main cities highlighted with blue characters: PKC—Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, El—Elizovo, Vl—Viluchinsk. Abbreviations for volcanoes: ZHE—Zheltovsky; KSU—Ksudach; KHO—Khodutka, ASA—Asacha; OPA—Opala; BIP—Bolshaya Ipelka; MUT—Mutnovsky; Gor—Gorely; VIL—Vil-yuchinsky, KAR—Karymshina Caldera, TOL—Tolmachev Dol; KOR—Koryaksky; AVA—Avachinsky; DZE—Dzenzur; Zhu—Zhupanovsky; VAC—Verkhneavachinskaya Caldera; BAK—Bakening; AKA—Akademii Nauk; KAR—Karymsky; MSE—Maly Semyachik. (B) Location of the study area (blue rectangle) in the regional map. The blue lines indicate the shape of the slab¹. The red dots depict the Holocene volcanoes². The rate of the Pacific Plate movement is indicated by arrows. The figure was generated using the software Surfer (version 13, http://www.goldensofware.com/products/surfer).