Table 1 Effects of ecological traits on distribution changes for breeding-bird species in Japan.

From: Range size and abundance dynamics of Japanese breeding birds over 40 years suggest a potential crisis in warm areas

Trait

Range and abundance (N) change

 

Temperature

Range change

30-year average change e

Survey-year average change e

~ 1990

~ 2010

40years

N (~ 2010)

STI

Min

Median

Max

Min

Median

Max

Habitat: Open a

      

+++

  

+++

 

Raptor a

      

++

 

++

++

 

River a

      

+

  

+

 

Water a

   

---

+++

   

+

++

 

Hand–wing index

   

-

 

++

 

-

+

  

log10(body weight)

---

   

+++

      

log10(body weight)2

+++

 

+

 

---

      

log10(range size)

+

  

+

  

+

 

++

  

Migration: Short b

    

---

  

--

   

Long b

--

 

--

 

---

  

--

   

Productivity

       

++

  

+

STI c

    

NA

 

--

 

---

---

 

Farmland d

   

--

       

Urban d

    

+++

      
  1. Effects of nine traits (two categorical) were quantified and compared by the model average. Signs of parameters with low significance (up to p < 0.1) are shown: p < 0.1: +, p < 0.05: ++, p < 0.01: +++. Negative signs follow the same rule.
  2. a, b Reference categories: habitat (forest), migration (resident). c Species temperature index. d Binary indicator variables describing whether species occur at farmland/urban or not. e Minimum, median, and maximum annual temperature of distributions for 30- and survey-year means were obtained, and associations of their differences between the 1990s and 2010s with ecological traits were examined.
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