Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients according to three HFpEF diagnostic algorithms.
|  | All patients (n = 992) | Confirmed HFpEF by 2021 ESC HF guideline (n = 283) | Confirmed HFpEF by HFA-PEFF (score ≥ 5) (n = 209) | Confirmed HFpEF by H2FPEF (score ≥ 6) (n = 47) | P value across three groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 60.9 ± 13.9 | 67.6 ± 10.7 | 67.5 ± 10.8 | 70.5 ± 8.4 | 0.182 |
Female | 632 (63.7) | 185 (65.4) | 140 (67.0) | 25 (53.2) | 0.196 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 3.8 | 24.5 ± 3.9 | 24.7 ± 4.1 | 25.4 ± 4.8 | 0.369 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 122.6 ± 16.3 | 126.4 ± 17.7 | 127.7 ± 17.8 | 121.0 ± 16.8 | 0.065 |
Heart rate, beat/min | 73.5 ± 12.9 | 71.4 ± 14.0 | 70.2 ± 13.5 | 71.4 ± 15.9 | 0.628 |
Comorbidities | |||||
 Hypertension | 720 (72.6) | 256 (90.5) | 194 (92.8) | 47 (100.0) | 0.048 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 214 (21.6) | 87 (30.7) | 66 (31.6) | 15 (31.9) | 0.974 |
 Dyslipidemia | 495 (49.9) | 156 (55.1) | 120 (57.4) | 24 (51.1) | 0.706 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 101 (10.2) | 61 (21.6) | 49 (23.4) | 7 (14.9) | 0.436 |
 Atrial fibrillation | 65 (6.6) | 43 (15.2) | 37 (17.7) | 44 (93.6) | < 0.001 |
 Pulmonary disease* | 70 (7.1) | 17 (6.0) | 10 (4.8) | 3 (6.4) | 0.811 |
 Stroke | 79 (8.0) | 36 (12.7) | 27 (12.9) | 7 (14.9) | 0.919 |
Medication | |||||
 Number of antihypertensive medications | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 0.001 |
 RAS inhibitor (ACEi/ARB) | 398 (40.1) | 171 (60.4) | 135 (64.6) | 40 (85.1) | 0.005 |
 Beta-blocker | 259 (26.1) | 123 (43.5) | 100 (47.8) | 31 (66.0) | 0.016 |
 Calcium channel blocker | 274 (27.6) | 112 (39.6) | 88 (42.1) | 22 (46.8) | 0.610 |
 Diuretics | 344 (34.7) | 161 (56.9) | 123 (58.9) | 39 (83.0) | 0.003 |
 Other antihypertensive medications | 10 (1.0) | 7 (2.5) | 7 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 0.553 |
Laboratory data | |||||
 Serum creatinine level, mg/dL | 0.77 (0.65–0.95) | 0.81 (0.68–1.06) | 0.81 (0.70–1.27) | 0.82 (0.73–1.06) | 0.927 |
 eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 87.7 ± 20.7 | 76.9 ± 24.7 | 75.5 ± 26.1 | 76.9 ± 21.1 | 0.818 |
 Hemoglobin level, g/dL | 13.4 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 1.8 | 12.7 ± 1.9 | 13.7 ± 1.9 | 0.003 |
 NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 71 (33–155) | 284 (172–640) | 362 (246–785) | 706 (401–1420) | < 0.001 |
Echocardiographic parameters | |||||
 LVEF, % | 66.8 ± 6.3 | 66.1 ± 7.4 | 66.2 ± 7.6 | 66.3 ± 8.1 | 0.986 |
 LVEDD, mm | 47.8 ± 4.6 | 48.7 ± 4.9 | 49.3 ± 4.9 | 48.7 ± 5.3 | 0.331 |
 LVESD, mm | 31.1 ± 4.2 | 31.8 ± 4.7 | 32.2 ± 4.9 | 31.8 ± 5.3 | 0.720 |
 IVSd, mm | 9.3 ± 1.4 | 9.8 ± 1.4 | 10.0 ± 1.5 | 9.8 ± 1.5 | 0.430 |
 PWd, mm | 9.2 ± 1.3 | 9.7 ± 1.3 | 9.8 ± 1.4 | 9.7 ± 1.3 | 0.559 |
 Relative wall thickness | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 0.40 ± 0.07 | 0.40 ± 0.07 | 0.961 |
 LVMI, g/m2 | 91.2 ± 22.1 | 103.2 ± 24.9 | 107.4 ± 25.9 | 99.9 ± 26.3 | 0.086 |
 LAVI, mL/m2 | 30.1 ± 10.7 | 38.3 ± 13.4 | 41.7 ± 13.5 | 50.7 ± 16.7 | < 0.001 |
 E-wave velocity, m/s | 0.63 ± 0.17 | 0.69 ± 0.21 | 0.70 ± 0.22 | 0.86 ± 0.23 | < 0.001 |
 Septal e′ velocity, cm/s | 6.5 ± 2.4 | 5.5 ± 1.7 | 5.3 ± 1.6 | 6.0 ± 1.7 | 0.014 |
 E/e′ | 10.7 ± 4.1 | 13.3 ± 5.1 | 13.9 ± 5.2 | 15.2 ± 5.3 | 0.043 |
 Peak TR velocity, m/s (n = 913) | 2.26 ± 0.35 | 2.42 ± 0.40 | 2.46 ± 0.44 | 2.61 ± 0.37 | 0.018 |
 PASP, mmHg (n = 913) | 26.1 ± 7.1 | 29.6 ± 9.2 | 30.6 ± 9.9 | 34.2 ± 9.7 | 0.007 |
