Table 1 Multivariate analysis of the association between pain characteristics and falls (N = 13,074).

From: Comparing interpretable machine learning models for fall risk in middle-aged and older adults with and without pain

Pain characteristics

n

No. of falls

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

Model 4d

Adj. OR (95% CI)

Pain

 No

8716

2135

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Yes

4358

1603

1.79 (1.66, 1.94)

1.67 (1.54, 1.81)

1.43 (1.31, 1.56)

1.40 (1.29, 1.53)

Pain site

 No pain

8716

2135

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Head/neck

771

271

1.67 (1.43, 1.95)

1.59 (1.36, 1.86)

1.38 (1.17, 1.62)

1.36 (1.15, 1.59)

Trunk

990

334

1.57 (1.36, 1.81)

1.49 (1.29, 1.72)

1.34 (1.16, 1.55)

1.32 (1.14, 1.52)

 Upper limb

2308

882

1.91 (1.73, 2.10)

1.76 (1.59, 1.95)

1.45 (1.30, 1.61)

1.42 (1.27, 1.58)

 Lower limb

289

116

2.01 (1.63, 2.63)

1.89 (1.49, 2.41)

1.75 (1.37, 2.24)

1.71 (1.33, 2.18)

Pain severity

 No pain

8716

2135

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Mild

1078

348

1.47 (1.28, 1.69)

1.40 (1.21, 1.60)

1.25 (1.09, 1.44)

1.25 (1.08, 1.43)

 Moderate

1576

574

1.77 (1.58, 1.98)

1.64 (1.46, 1.85)

1.40 (1.24, 1.58)

1.39 (1.23, 1.57)

 Severe

1704

681

2.05 (1.84, 2.29)

1.90 (1.70, 2.13)

1.59 (1.41, 1.79)

1.53 (1.36, 1.73)

Pain quantity

 No pain

8716

2135

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Single site pain

928

308

1.53 (1.32, 1.77)

1.49 (1.29, 1.73)

1.40 (1.20, 1.62)

1.37 (1.18, 1.59)

 Multisite pain

3430

1295

1.87 (1.72, 2.04)

1.73 (1.58, 1.88)

1.44 (1.31, 1.58)

1.43 (1.28, 1.55)

  1. Adj. OR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, SPPB short physical performance battery.
  2. aModel 1 estimated unadjusted odds ratio from logistic regression models.
  3. bModel 2 was adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, residence.
  4. cModel 3 was additionally adjusted for chronic disease score, polypharmacy score, vision, hearing, smoking, alcohol consumption, and BMI.
  5. dModel 4 was additionally adjusted for SPPB.
  6. The values in bold indicate statistically significant results (p < 0.05).
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