Fig. 2

The 850 K BeadChip DNA methylation data revealed the effects of PD on gene methylation in SKM-1 cells. (A) Heatmap depicting the median methylation level at CpG sites between the DMSO control group and the PD-treated group, with red representing the PD treatment group (P1–P3) and blue representing the DMSO control group (C1–C3). (B) Volcano plot illustrating CpG methylation in genes of the PD group compared with those of the DMSO control group. The red vertical dotted line delineates ± 0.06 in the Beta value between the two groups, and the horizontal dotted line represents a p value threshold of 0.01. Hypermethylated genes (448) are shown in red, and hypomethylated genes (175) are shown in green. (C) The top 30 enriched pathways of the hypermethylated genes induced by PD treatment.