Table 4 Comparison of finger-tapping severity across four states: medication (on, off) and DBS (on, off).

From: Medication versus globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease with deep learning video analysis of finger tapping

 

Medication

DBS

p Value

Off

On

Off

On

All four statesc

Med off vs.

Med ond

DBS off

vs.

DBS ond

Med off

vs.

DBS offd

Med off

vs.

DBS ond

Med on vs.

DBS ond

Amplitude

Mediana ↑

6.68 ± 3.45

8.84 ± 2.64

6.45 ± 2.88

9.09 ± 2.62

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.32

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.24

IQRb ↓

1.2 (0.79, 1.79)

1.54 (0.89, 2.12)

1.27 (0.88, 2.1)

1.46 (0.9, 2)

0.27

–

–

–

–

–

Minimumb ↑

4.24 (2.3, 6.3)

5.55 (3.17, 8.54)

3.74 (2.24, 5.99)

6.39 (4.04, 8.53)

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.07

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.14

Maximuma ↑

8.58 ± 3.6

10.86 ± 2.52

8.49 ± 3.05

11 ± 2.56

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.71

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.54

Entropya ↓

0.39 ± 0.15

0.45 ± 0.12

0.41 ± 0.13

0.43 ± 0.12

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.15

0.07

0.002*

0.33

Speed

Mediana ↑

22.65 ± 15.22

32.91 ± 15.01

29.3 ± 17.43

39.52 ± 19.01

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

IQRa ↑

51.36 ± 32.39

83.39 ± 30.75

66.36 ± 37.32

89.33 ± 33.1

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.03

Minimumb ↔

0.03 (0, 0.19)

0.08 (0, 0.3)

0.05 (0, 0.31)

0.11 (0, 0.34)

0.11

–

–

–

–

–

Maximumb ↑

157.44

(97.61, 200.84)

216.0

(170.36, 259.27)

176.93

(128.2, 241.66)

230.76

(186.73, 283.29)

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.003*

Acceleration

Medianb ↔

0.0

(-23.87, 23.7)

0.0

(-35.19, 28.24)

5.97

(-24.73, 55.66)

9.23

(-25, 73.71)

0.43

–

–

–

–

–

IQRb ↑

1380.67

(661.18, 2254.63)

2547.85

(1619.11, 3558.96)

2310.26

(1382.18, 3595.14)

3175.1

(2181.79, 4348.98)

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

Minimumb ↓

-3941.63

(-5614.75, -2478.77)

-5921.58

(-7003.2, -4301.34)

-5510.47

(-7311.98, -3887.11)

-6880.34

(-11302.3, -5087.08)

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

Maximumb ↑

4021.16

(2301.85, 5545.23)

5736.35

(4496.2, 6630.32)

5212.2

(3676.02, 7404.26)

6440.72

(4780.43, 10316.69)

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

Aperiodicitya ↓

1.44 ± 0.44

1.57 ± 0.3

1.51 ± 0.43

1.58 ± 0.31

0.002*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.07

0.11

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.93

Period

Medianb ↓

0.3 (0.23, 0.43)

0.27 (0.23, 0.33)

0.23 (0.2, 0.3)

0.27 (0.23, 0.3)

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.08

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.09

IQRb ↓

0.07 (0.03, 0.12)

0.03 (0.03, 0.07)

0.03 (0.03, 0.07)

0.03 (0.03, 0.07)

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.02

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.28

Minimumb ↓

0.2 (0.17, 0.32)

0.2 (0.17, 0.25)

0.18 (0.15, 0.23)

0.2 (0.17, 0.26)

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.07

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.001*

0.7

Maximumb ↓

0.43 (0.33, 0.67)

0.37 (0.3, 0.47)

0.35 (0.27, 0.46)

0.33 (0.3, 0.41)

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.2

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.04

Entropyb ↓

0.22 (0.16, 0.28)

0.18 (0.14, 0.24)

0.18 (0.14, 0.25)

0.16 (0.09, 0.22)

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.03

\(\:<\)0.001*

\(\:<\)0.001*

0.58

Fatigueb (set n = 90)e ↓

0.0 (0, 2.05)

0.0 (0, 0.37)

0.0 (0, 1.08)

0.0 (0, 1.38)

0.16

–

–

–

–

–

Freezeb (set n = 69)e ↓

0.0 (0, 0.7)

0.0 (0, 0)

0.0 (0, 0.4)

0.0 (0, 0.3)

0.08

–

–

–

–

–

  1. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range). Arrows next to each parameter name indicate positive directions, with upward trends, such as increased median amplitude, suggesting symptom improvement. A horizontal arrow (↔) signifies the parameter’s neutrality.
  2. DBS, deep brain stimulation. IQR, interquartile range.
  3. aParametric variables.
  4. bNonparametric variables.
  5. cOne-way repeated measures analysis of variance or Friedman test.
  6. dPaired t-test or Wilcoxon test.
  7. eComputed using 90 sets for fatigue and 69 for freeze parameter.
  8. * Significant p values. P values < 0.05/21 for the ‘All four states’ column. P values < 0.05/5 for all other columns comparing two different states.
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