Table 7 Results of independent samples t-test comparing perceived instructional behaviors across three dimensions between junior high and high school students.

Autonomy support (AS1 - AS4)

Junior high school

3.396

0.677

-3.090

0.002

-0.182

High school

3.578

0.616

AS1

Junior high school

3.403

0.954

-0.553

0.580

-0.047

High school

3.450

0.937

AS2

Junior high school

3.780

0.877

-1.401

0.162

-0.107

High school

3.886

0.808

AS3

Junior high school

3.180

0.903

-5.528

0.000

-0.394

High school

3.573

0.689

AS4

Junior high school

3.190

1.004

-2.428

0.016

-0.213

High school

3.403

0.912

Video lecture support (VL1 - VL6)

Junior high school

3.237

0.672

-4.293

0.000

-0.249

High school

3.486

0.594

VL1

Junior high school

2.767

1.006

-3.094

0.002

-0.281

High school

3.047

0.994

VL2

Junior high school

3.422

0.994

-3.106

0.002

-0.270

High school

3.692

0.933

VL3

Junior high school

3.007

0.948

-3.008

0.003

-0.254

High school

3.261

0.907

VL4

Junior high school

3.306

0.886

-2.551

0.011

-0.202

High school

3.507

0.853

VL5

Junior high school

3.642

0.810

-4.377

0.000

-0.282

High school

3.924

0.628

VL6

Junior high school

3.813

0.799

-3.081

0.002

-0.196

High school

4.009

0.625

Cooperative learning support (SC1 - SC5)

Junior high school

3.878

0.474

-4.397

0.000

-0.182

High school

4.060

0.434

SC1

Junior high school

3.990

0.664

-1.496

0.135

-0.086

High school

4.076

0.597

SC2

Junior high school

3.844

0.702

-4.848

0.000

-0.269

High school

4.114

0.540

SC3

Junior high school

3.727

0.794

-2.591

0.010

-0.174

High school

3.900

0.700

SC4

Junior high school

3.920

0.616

-4.421

0.000

-0.236

High school

4.156

0.551

SC5

Junior high school

3.907

0.641

-2.610

0.009

-0.146

High school

4.052

0.579