Fig. 1

Experiment Protocol (Participant Flow). Psychological outcome measures were the Six-Item State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6) and a Surgical Taskload Index (SURG-TLX). Physiological outcome measures were heart rate (HR) blood pressure (BP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory frequency, partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) and middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCA Vm). Music (M), Non music (NM).