Fig. 2

FTIR spectroscopy analysis of free 4-FOC (A) and 4-FOC-conjugated NCC/CTAB/CS NPs (B). The spectra reveal that key functional groups include hydroxyl, aliphatic, and aromatic groups, along with characteristic carbonyl, ether, and ester linkages. These findings confirm the successful synthesis and integration of 4-FOC with the NPs.