Fig. 4

Cell viability results from MTT assays on PANC-1 cells (A) and HDF cells (B) treated with varying concentrations of 4-FOC-conjugated NCC/CTAB/CS NPs. PANC-1 cells show significant reductions in viability at concentrations of 25 µg/mL and above, with an IC50 value of 61.23 µg/mL, indicating effective cytotoxicity. In contrast, HDF cells exhibit greater resilience, with minimal viability decline observed, highlighting the selective cytotoxic effect of the NPs on cancer cells. The data is presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and statistical significance is denoted as ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001.