Table 2 Lung volume (cm³) and human predictive factor (HPF) lung volume and human predictive factor (HPF) values in patients with and without radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). Mean, standard deviation (SD), median, minimum, and maximum values are reported. Statistical significance was assessed using the Mann–Whitney U-test. Patients with RILI had significantly lower lung volumes and HPF values, indicating a potential link between these parameters and radiation-induced fibrosis risk.

From: Machine learning-driven imaging data for early prediction of lung toxicity in breast cancer radiotherapy