Table 1 Keywords and explanations for Variable 2.
Fire progression | Flame | Smoke | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Keyword | Explanation | Keyword | Explanation | |
Color | Bright orange-red flame | Typical flame color | Thick black smoke | Indicates burning oil, rubber, or plastic with a violent fire |
Vivid crimson flame | Indicates intense and hazardous flame, showing aggressive burning | Pale grayish-white smoke | Indicates light burning | |
Luminous blue flame | Indicates high-temperature combustion | Gray smoke | Indicates burning of common materials with medium intensity | |
Orange flame with black smoke | Indicates incomplete combustion | Yellow smoke | Indicates burning chemicals or the presence of toxic gases | |
Morphology | Moving flame | Flame sways and moves upwards, often indicating a weak fire | Smoke rising upward | Smoke rises vigorously, often indicating intense combustion |
Rising flame | Displays the presence of smoke, indicating active combustion | Smoke spreading in the air | Smoke spreads and disperses in the air, covering a large area | |
Pointed flame | Flame takes on a sharp shape | Smoke forming vortex shapes | Smoke forms vortex or spiral shapes, possibly due to wind or airflow effects | |
Wave-like flame | Flame exhibits a wave-like pattern, influenced by airflow | Floating smoke belt | Smoke forms a floating belt, moving with the airflow, indicating a specific flow pattern | |
Flame spread/Smoke thickness | Intense flame | Indicates strong fire intensity | Dense smoke | Often seen in severe fire situations, with low visibility |
Broad, expansive flame | Flame spreads in multiple directions | Thin smoke | Visible and relatively light, common in the early or late stages of a fire | |
Weak flame | Indicates an initial or fading stage of combustion | Thick smoke layer | Often found indoors or in windless environments | |
Dynamic effects | Rapidly flickering flame | Indicates characteristics under wind or turbulent conditions | Slowly rising smoke | Smoke rises slowly and steadily |
Slowly burning flame | Flame burns steadily | Rapidly expanding smoke | Indicates fire intensification and an urgent, hazardous scene | |
Ejecting flame | Resembles explosive or jet-like combustion | Swirling rising smoke | Typically influenced by airflow or flame movement | |
Environmental interaction | Flame engulfing building | Demonstrates the intensity and destructive force of the fire | Smoke surrounds the building | Smoke spreads around the building |
Flame hidden in smoke | Flame partially visible within dense smoke | Smoke conceals the sky | Smoke covers the sky | |
Flame illuminating night | In a night environment, due to the presence of flame that illuminate the surroundings | Smoke interwoven with flame | Smoke and flame intertwine | |
Flame interacting with wind | Displays a dynamic interaction between flame and surrounding airflow | Smoke dispersed by wind | Displays the impact of environmental factors on the fire scene | |
