Fig. 5 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 5

From: Maternal β-carotene supplementation improves offspring growth, development, immunity, and intestinal microbiota in chickens via immune-mediated and microbial-mediated maternal effects

Fig. 5

Augmenting hen’s immunity modulates the gut and oviduct microbiota, and increases microbial-mediated maternal effects on offspring gut microbiota. Microbial composition at the phylum (a) and genus (b) levels in the gut and magnum of hens and the gut of their offspring embryos at E19 and E21 and chicks at C7 and C21. c Beta diversity of microbial communities in the gut and magnum of hens, as well as the gut of offspring embryos at E19 and E21 and chicks at C7 and C21 (n = 10). d Shared taxa between the gut (red) and magnum (blue) of hens with the gut of their offspring. CON, control group with their hens fed basic diet; BC, experimental group with their hens receiving a basal diet supplemented with β-carotene.

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